A summary then:
Weapons:
Primary/Secondary weapons jam(damaged)/cannot fire(destroyed)
Turrets fire with reduced accuracy
Sensors:
Radar/targeting is scrambled(damaged)/disabled(destroyed) (player)
*Prevents aspect-lock secondaries from acquiring lock(?); can't fire lock-required bombs <- this happens for the player, for obvious reasons, unknown if the AI is affected, or if turrets are affected
Comms:
Messages scrambled (damaged)/Not received(player)
Can't send messages (builtin messages or FREDded mission messages. If priority of message is set to high, another ship with the same persona (or command, if no such ship exists) will send the message instead.
*Can't receive orders(?)
Navigation:
Does nothing (FREDding hook)
With AI Profiles setting: prevents jumping out
Reactor:
Does nothing (FREDding hook)
Engines:
Stops ship from moving
Shuts of engine glow/engine wash
Prevents from jumping out
Marked as "disabled"
Not sure about the *'d ones, but would be good addition via AI profiles settings, IMO.