The way files are deleted, is the entry containing the pointer to their data is marked 'available' (free) on the partition, the data isn't erased directly unless you use specific software designed to do so.
So... If you haven't written files to that partition on the hard disk since the deletion, or if you have, and you were lucky enough to not have other data overwrite the area where the files resided, then you can sometimes successfully undelete them.
CAVEAT: you must (well, should if you don't want to screw up your recovered data) recover the files to another partition or drive (say, a flash drive or external hard disk or another partition on the same disk) -- this is so the files aren't recovered to 'available' space that contains data you want to recover.
DO NOT defragment your drive until you have recovered (or discovered that the data is irrecoverable), for obvious reasons.
Some reviews on free programs can be found here:
http://pcsupport.about.com/od/filerecovery/tp/free-file-recovery-programs.htmI've included direct links to the ones from that article that i've actually used in the past, in order of recommendation:
https://www.piriform.com/recuva (<--- they provide a portable edition, so that's good)
http://www.easeus.com/datarecoverywizard/free-data-recovery-software.htmhttp://www.pcinspector.de/Default.htm?language=1 (<--- this one is out-of-data and doesn't support
Vista (!!!) )
REMEMBER, if you install programs to the partition where you are trying to recover from, it has a chance of overwrite. Use a portable edition on a thumb drive or something.
(Actually, hopefully the files weren't on a system partition.. Windows writes log files all day long
)
You can also recover (sometimes!) deleted / formatted partitions, and data on damaged drives (can involve cooling the drive, heating the drive, replacing the circuit board on the drive... it gets fun.
EDIT: ninja'd, and as chief said, Recuva is recommended.