[Gloriano]

some this this stuff are fs2 related

Valley of the kings

Desert valley on the west bank of Thebes, the political and religious capital of the New Kingdom. It was first used as a royal necropolis by Thutmosis I, although it was his predecessor, Amenhotep I, who was considered as the patron-god of the valley by the actual builders of the tombs. The last known king to have built a tomb in the Valley was Ramesses XI, the last king of the New Kingdom, although it is doubtful that he ever used that tomb.

Despite its modern name, a minority of tombs was built for members of the royal family and entourage.

The valley has two main branches: the East Valley, where most of the royal tombs are situated and the West Valley, that only contains the tombs of Amenhotep III and Ay, and some pits. The tombs of most of the New Kingdom kings have been discovered over the years: some were already open to public during the Greek-Roman era, others have only recently been unearthed.

All of the tombs have fallen victim to one or several visits by tomb robbers, even the famous tomb of Tutankhamun that was discovered almost intact in 1922 by Howard Carter!

In an effort to save the royal mummies from destruction, and to salvage the remaining treasures of the royal tombs, the priests of the end of the 20th and the 21st Dynasty opened the tombs, collected the mummies and buried them in two or more "caches". The first "cache" was a rock tomb high up in the mountains of Deir el-Bahari that was probably intended as the family tomb of the 21st Dynasty king-priests. The second "cache" was the tomb of 18th Dynasty king Amenhotep II. Not every royal mummy of the New Kingdom has been found, so there is room for the hypothesis that there may have been a third "cache" which has not yet been identified as such or which has not yet been discovered.

The only royal mummies to have been found in their own tombs were those of Amenhotep II, who was re-buried in his own tomb by the 21st Dynasty priests, and Tutankhamun, whose tomb lay undisturbed from the middle of the 20th Dynasty on.

This is a list of tombs found in the Valley of the Kings, sorted chronologically. Tombs with a KV-number are situated in the Eastern Valley, those with a WV-number are situated in the Western Valley.  

KV20

Owner: Thutmosis I and Hatshepsut
Discovered: before 1799.
Archaeological Information: Archaeological examination of the tomb in 1903/1904 by Howard Carter.
It was long thought that this tomb was originally built for Hatshepsut, and that she removed the remains of her father from his presumed original tomb (KV38) to her own, but recent examination has given ground to the hypothesis that the tomb was originally built for Thutmosis I.
KV38

Owner: Thutmosis I
Discovered: March 1899 by Victor Loret.
Archaeological Information: This tomb was long considered as Thutmosis I's original tomb, but recent examination has suggested that the tomb was built by Thutmosis III for the re-burial of his grandfather, Thutmosis I.
KV42

Owner: Thutmosis II (?)
Discovered: before December 1900.
Archaeological Information:The identification of this tomb has always been doubted. It is obvious from its architecture and traces of decoration that it belongs to the same series as KV38 and KV34, but if the assumption that KV38 was built by Thutmosis III for his grandfather, KV42 can not pre-date the reign of Thutmosis III.
KV34

Owner: Thutmosis III
Discovered: February 1898 by Victor Loret.
Archaeological Information: This is the first royal tomb that can positively be identified. Its well shaft, antechamber and burial chamber have been decorated.
KV35

Owner: Amenhotep II
Discovered: March 1898 by Victor Loret.
Archaeological Information: This tomb is a further evolution of KV34. Only the burial chamber is decorated, mostly with the same motives as KV34.
KV36

Owner: Maiherperi, an official from the time of Thutmosis IV.
Discovered: March 1899 by Victor Loret
KV43

Owner: Thutmosis IV
Discovered: January 1903 by Howard Carter.
Archaeological Information: This is the first tomb with a polychrome decoration. The well shaft and the burial chamber have been decorated, mostly with scenes where the king stand before various deities.
WV22

Owner: Amenhotep III
Discovered: before 1799.
Archaeological Information: The well shaft, antechamber and burial chamber are decorated with the same motives as KV43. This tomb also contains a burial chamber for queen Tiye and for princess Satamun, Amenhotep III's wife and daughter/wife respectively.
KV46

Owners: Yuya and Tjuyu, the parents of queen Tiye.
Discovered: February 1905 by James Quibell.
Archaeological Information: Although this tomb had already been robbed several times in antiquity, it is one of the few tombs that still contained much of the original funerary equipment, including the mummies of Yuya and Tjuyu.
WV25

Owner: Akhenaten (?)
Discovered: in 1817 by Giovanni Belzoni.
KV55

Owner: (unknown)
Discovered: January 1907 by Edward R. Ayrton.
Archaeological Information: This tomb is probably one of the most enigmatic ever to have been found in Egypt. It contains remains of funerary equipment of queen Tiye, Akhenaten and other members of the royal family of the late 18th Dynasty, it refers to a king whose name has been hacked out, the inscriptions on the coffin are sometimes in feminine and the mummy can not be identified beyond the fact that it must have belonged to a close, male relative of Tutankhamun's. It has sometimes been suggested that this mummy beloned to Semenekhkare, the elusive successor of Akhenaten, but others would tend to view the mummy as Akhenaten's.
KV62

Owner: Tutankhamun
Discovered: 1922 by Howard Carter.
Archaeological Information: This is the most intact royal tomb found in the Valley of the Kings. The wealth of the burial is beyond any imagination and takes up most of the 1st floor in the Cairo Museum.
WV23

Owner: Ay
Discovered: winter of 1816 by Giovanni Belzoni.
Archaeological Information: this is the first tomb in the Valley of the Kings without a bent axis. It is often assumed that this tomb was originally prepared for Tutankhamun, but it was unfinished when he died and thus the king was buried in a small tomb in the Valley of the Kings.
KV57

Owner: Horemheb
Discovered: February 1908 by Edward R. Ayrton.
KV16

Owner: Ramesses I
Discovered: October 1817 by Giovanni Belzoni.
KV17

Owner: Seti I
Discovered: October 1817 by Giovanni Belzoni.
Archaeological Information: This is the first tomb to have been decorated entirely. It is considered the most beautiful tomb in the Valley.
KV7

Owner: Ramesses II
Discovered: open in part since antiquity.
Archaeological Information: This tomb uses the bent-axis ground plan abandoned since the end of the 18th Dynasty. It needs further clearing.
KV5

Owners: several sons of Ramesses II
Discovered: before 1799.
Archaeological Information: The first archaeological examination was started in 1987 by Kent Weeks. It was only then that the exceptional state of this tomb became clear. It houses at least 95 chambers for at least 52 sons of Ramesses II.
KV8

Owner: Merneptah
Discovered: open since antiquity.
Archaeological Information: This tomb is much simpler than the tomb of Ramesses II. It has set the standard for most of the remaining tombs to be built in the Valley.
KV10

Owner: Amenmes
Discovered: open since antiquity
Archaeological Information: While cutting KV11, the tomb of Ramesses III, this tomb was accidentally broken into.
KV15

Owner: Seti II
Discovered: open since antiquity
KV56

Owner: (unknown, but to be dated to the end of the 19th Dynasty)
Discovered: January 1908 by Edward R. Ayrton
Archaeological Information: This tomb represents one of the most splendid finds of jewellery ever made in the Valley of the Kings.
KV13

Owner: Chancellor Bay
Discovered: open since antiquity
KV47

Owner: Siptah
Discovered: December 1905 by Edward R. Ayrton
KV14

Owner: Taweseret, usurped by Sethnakht
Discovered: open in part since antiquity
KV11

Owner: originally begun for Sethnakht, but completed for Ramesses III
Discovered: open in part since antiquity
KV3

Owner: a son of Ramesses III
Discovered: open since antiquity
KV2

Owner: Ramesses IV
Discovered: open since antiquity
KV9

Owner: Ramesses V, but usurped by Ramesses VI
Discovered: open since antiquity
KV1

Owner: Ramesses VII
Discovered: open in part since antiquity
KV6

Owner: Ramesses IX
Discovered: open since antiquity
KV19

Owner: Mentuherkhepeshef, a son of Ramesses IX
Discovered: 1817 by Giovanni Belzoni
KV18

Owner: Ramesses X
Discovered: open in part since antiquity
KV4

Owner: Ramesses XI
Discovered: open since antiquity
Archaeological Information: This tomb has never been used by Ramesses XI.
And many other smaller tombs and pits...

[Gloriano]

Memphis is the Greek version of one of the many names the Ancient Egyptians used to denote the city that lay on the border between Upper- and Lower-Egypt.

The Egyptian version of of the name "Memphis", Mn-nfr, "the beautiful monument" was used originally for the pyramid of Pepi I, but from the 18th Dynasty on, this name was extended to cover the entire region or city where this pyramid was built. It is not known why the name of a monument of relatively minor importance, such as Pepi I's pyramid as compared to the pyramid of Kheops in Giza, became the name of the entire city.

The original name given to this city and used together with the name Mn-nfr, was inb-hD "the White Wall(s)", a reference to the white walls surrounding it.

According to Manetho, the city of Memphis was founded by Menes soon after the unification of Egypt. This is supported by the fact that the oldest known tombs of any importance were built at that period, but it needs to be noted that the area was inhabited even before Narmer's reign.

During the Old Kingdom, it served as the nation's capital and it held the kings' primary residence. The end of the Old Kingdom by no means meant the end of Memphis as one of the most important cities in Egypt. Quite to the contrary! Memphis remained the political and administrative center of Lower- and Middle-Egypt. This importance was recognised even by the Theban kings of the 18th Dynasty. Thutmosis III and Amenhotep II often held residence at Memphis and to be accepted as a king of Egypt, one needed to be crowned at Memphis.

After the turmoil of the Amarna-revolution at the end of the 18th Dynasty, Tutankhamun took up residence, not at Thebes, which was the capital of his predecessors (except Akhenaten), but at Memphis. The Ramesside kings, whose primary residence was the city Per-Ramesses in the Delta, too, recognised the importance of Memphis. One of Ramesses II's army divisions was named in honour of the Memphite god Ptah; and one of his sisters, Tiya, was buried at its necropolis, along with many other New Kingdom officials and dignitaries.

Memphis was also the principal place of the cult of the god Ptah, who is accepted as a creator-god in the region. The many temples built for him, his 'wife' Sekhmet and their 'son' Nefertem now lie in ruins, or have been demolished, destroyed and stripped of their decoration to be dispersed throughout the world. It is from one of these temples, Hw.t-kA-PtH (Hut-Ka-Ptah) "the mansion of the Ka of Ptah" that the Greeks derived the name Aegyptos, hence the modern name Egypt.

The principal necropolis associated with Memphis were Saqqara and Giza, although other places to the West of the city were sometimes favoured as burial place as well.
 

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 Memphis





Created by
Egyptologist
Jacques Kinnaer



Memphis is located at the place where the Nile splits up into different branches, to form the Nile Delta.

[Gloriano]

Ahmose I, Founder of the 18th Dynasty and the New Kingdom
of Ancient Egypt



Egypt's 18th Dynasty that established the New Kingdom is, to most people interested in Egypt, a dynasty of stars.  It is the dynasty of Tutankhamun who was a fairly minor king, but perhaps the best known of any of the pharaohs.  It was also the dynasty of the well known Akhenaten, and of Queen Hatshepsut.  

The founder of this Dynasty is less well known to the general public, but unquestionably of major importance to Egyptian history.  He was Ahmose I, during who's reign Egypt was finally and completely liberated from the Hyksos. Various scholars attribute different dates to his reign, but he probably became ruler of Egypt around 1550 BC  at the age of 10, and ruled for a period of around 25 years before his death (examination of his well preserved mummy suggest he was about 35 when he died).

Ahmose I (Amosis to the Greeks) was given the birth name Ah-mose (The Moon is Born).  His thrown name was Neb-pehty-re (The Lord of Strength is Re).  He was probably a boy when he assumed the thrown, having lost his father Seqenenre Taa II and his brother Kahmose within three years of each other.  His mother was Queen Ashotep, a powerful woman who was perhaps his co-regent during his early years.

Egyptologists believe that during his very early reign, little was probably accomplished and perhaps the Hyksos may have even gained some ground, recapturing Heliopolis.  However, by the end of his first decade in power, we know from an Autobiography of Ahmose, son of Ibana, a naval officer from El-Kab, that he laid siege on Avaris (The tomb of Ahmose Pennekheb, another soldier also records the campaigns). This was a long battle interrupted by the need to put down insurrections in already liberated territories, but appears to have been successful sometime between his 12th and 15th year as ruler. Afterwards, he attacked the southwest Palestinian fortress of Sharuhen in a six year siege that would finally put an end to Hyksos control of Egypt.


A Stele of Ahmose I

Next, he turned his attention to Nubia (Kush) and, while Kamose (his predecessor) may have gained some ground prior to his death, Ahmose I pushed the boundaries south to the Second Cataract.  Here, he established a new civil administration at Buhen probably initially headed by a Viceroy named Djehuty.


Ahmose I's Battle Ax

Apparently, while Ahmose I was in Nubia, former Hyksos allies again attempted a few uprising in the north lead by an arch enemy of Kamose named Teti-en.  In this instance, Ahmose I's mother, Ahhotpe, was probably responsible for putting down the rebellion and for this she was awarded the gold flies, an award for valor that was found on her mummy in her intact tomb at Thebes.

After Ahmose I's campaigns in Nubia, he once again returned to Palestine during his 22nd year in power and may have fought his way as for as the Euphrates, according to information on a stela of Tuthmosis I.

 Ahmose I married his sister, Ahmose-Nefertiri, who became Egypt's first great God's Wife of Amun, and had a number of children including:

Merytamun - eldest daughter of Ahmose-Nefertari (died young)

Tair - daughter of Kasmut

Satamun - 2nd daughter of Ahmose-Nefertari (died infant)

Sapair - eldest son of Ahmose-Nefertari (died young)  

Saamen - 2nd son of Ahmose-Nefertari (died infant)

Aahotep - 3rd daughter of Ahmose-Nefertari (Queen)

Amenhotep I - 3rd son of Ahmose-Nefertari (King)

Satkames - 4th daughter of Ahmose-Nefertari (died aged ~30)

Henttameh- daughter of Thenthapi

Ahmose - daughter

We also know from Ahmose, son of Ibana that he supported his reign and rewarded local princes who had supported the Theban cause during the Second Intermediate Period by gifts of land (as recorded in Ahmose, son of Ibana's tomb at el-Kab). We also know that he initiated some temple building projects, notably at Abydos.  However, though we know he reopened the Tura limestone quarries, little survives of his construction apart form a few additions to the temples of Amun and Montu at Karnak. However, a recent Dutch-Egyptian team of archaeologists believe they may have unearthed the remains of Ahmose's palace in the Al-Dabaa area in the Sharqiya Governorate of Egypt, a location that was probably the ancient Hyksos capital.


Pyramid of Ahmose I

He was buried in the Dra Abu el-Naga area, but his tomb has yet to be found.  His actual mummy was found in the Deir el-Bahari cache.  He did have a cenotaph at South Abydos, consisting of a cliff temple and a pyramid and temple on the edge of the Nile valley.  The pyramid which measures about 70 meters square is the last known royal example built in Egypt.  Some battle scene decorations within the pyramid may have depicted his wars with the Hyksos.  In these scenes are some of the earliest representation of horses in Egypt.


some one would know where campaing Ahmose is

[Petrarch of the VBB]

I sincerely hope that you copied and pasted that, and not typed it yourself.

[Gloriano]

those were in my computer i writed those in university long ago

[Nico]

Originally posted by Holy Imperial Gloriano
i writed those in university long ago

lier

[Gloriano]

using sources of corse and some of that staff is direct from internet  from that site soon

[Stryke 9]

And a grammar-checker?

[Gloriano]

http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/ahmose1.htm


this is the site now i rememper better those all that stuff from this site sorry venom