I hope this helps:
Cynicism:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynicism----------------------------------------------------------
Socratic Method:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socratic_Method----------------------------------------------------------
Eidos and the Theory of Forms:Eidos:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidos_%28philosophy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_formsDualism is a very wide concept, for philosophy seems to be (Philosophy Concept):
Usage in philosophy of science
In philosophy of science, dualism often refers to the dichotomy between the "subject" (the observer) and the "object" (the observed). Some critics of Western science see this kind of dualism as a fatal flaw in science. In part, this has something to do with potentially complicated interactions between the subject and the object, of the sort discussed in the social construction literature.
Dualism Link (Wide Concepts):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualism----------------------------------------------------------
Idealism (the same wide as Dualism) by Plato (but there are more philosophers):
Plato
Main article: Platonic idealism
Plato proposed an idealist theory as a solution to the problem of universals. A universal is that which all things share in virtue of having some particular property. So for example the wall, the moon and a blank sheet of paper are all white; white is the universal that all white things share. Plato argued that it is universals, The Forms, or Platonic Ideals that are real, not specific individual things. Confusingly, because this idea asserts that these mental entities are real, it is also called Platonic realism; in this sense realism contrasts with nominalism, the notion that mental abstractions are merely names without an independent existence. Nevertheless, it is a form of idealism because it asserts the primacy of the idea of universals over material things.
Idealism Link (Wide Concepts):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism----------------------------------------------------------
Realism (Philosophy):Realism in philosophical thinking is the belief that properties, usually called Universals, exist independently of the things that manifest them. Thus a realist would hold that even if one were to destroy all of the manifestations of the color red the universal red would still exist. Competing views contrasted with realism, such as nominalism, hold that universals do not "exist" at all; they are no more than words used strictly to describe specific objects, and do not name separately existing things.
In another sense, realism is contrasted with both idealism and materialism, and considered synonymous with weak dualism. In still a third and very contemporary sense, realism is contrasted with anti-realism and "irrealism".
Both these disputes are often carried out relative to some specific area: one might, for example, be a realist about physical matter but an anti-realist about ethics.
Increasingly these last disputes, too, are rejected as misleading, and some philosophers prefer to call the kind of realism espoused there, "metaphysical realism," and eschew the whole debate in favour of simple "naturalism" or "natural realism", which is not so much a theory as the position that these debates are "ill-conceived" if not "incoherent," and that there is no more to deciding what is really real than simply taking our words at face value.
Realism Link (Wide Concepts):http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism
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Skepticism (Philosophy):Philosophical skepticism
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Definition
Philosophical skepticism (UK spelling, scepticism), or pyrrhonism, is a philosophical position that refrains from making truth claims. A philosophical skeptic does not claim that truth is impossible (which would be a truth claim).
The label is commonly used to describe other philosophies which appear similar to philosophical skepticism, such as "academic" skepticism, an ancient variant of Platonism that claimed knowledge of truth was impossible.
Empiricism is a closely related, but not identical, position to philosophical skepticism. Empiricists see empiricism as a pragmatic compromise between philosophical skepticism and nomothetic science; philosophical skepticism is in turn sometimes referred to as "radical empiricism."
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History
Philosophical skepticism originated in ancient Greek philosophy. One of its first proponents was Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360-275 B.C.), who traveled and studied as far as India, and propounded the adoption of 'practical' skepticism. Subsequently, in the 'New Academy' Arcesilaos (c. 315-241 B.C.) and Carneades (c. 213-129 B.C.) developed more theoretical perspectives, by which conceptions of absolute truth and falsity were refuted. Carneades criticized the views of the Dogmatists, especially supporters of Stoicism, asserting that absolute certainty of knowledge is impossible. Sextus Empiricus (c. A.D. 200), the main authority for Greek skepticism, developed the position further, incorporating aspects of empiricism into the basis for asserting knowledge.
Greek skeptics criticized the Stoics, accusing them of dogmatism. For the skeptics, the logical mode of argument was untenable, as it relied on propositions which could not be said to be either true or false without relying on further propositions. This was the regress argument, whereby every proposition must rely on other propositions in order to maintain its validity. In addition, the skeptics argued that two propositions could not rely on each other, as this would create a circular argument (as p implies q and q implies p). For the skeptics logic was thus an inadequate measure of truth which could create as many problems as it claimed to have solved. Truth was not, however, necessarily unobtainable, but rather an idea which did not yet exist in a pure form. Although skepticism was accused of denying the possibility of truth, in actual fact it appears to have mainly been a critical school which merely claimed that logicians had not discovered truth.
Skepticism (Wide Concepts):http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skepticism
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Aristotelean Substance:This one is really hard to find, here is a very long explanation at point 9, needs to be defined in less words:
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-metaphysics/#SandD----------------------------------------------------------
Essenes (is this ??, related to religion more than philosophy):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essene----------------------------------------------------------
Accidents (one defined for once):
In philosophy, an accident is a property that its bearer has contingently—that is, a property which its bearer could have failed to have (without having failed to exist), had things been different.
Accidental properties are defined by contrast to essential properties—properties which their bearer could not have failed to have without having failed to exist (or at least to exist as what it is). Thus, for example, the high value of gold in the jewelry market is an accident of gold: if humans did not exist, or did not make jewelry, or found gold ugly, then gold would not have a high value in the jewelry market, but it would still be gold. Being metallic, on the other hand, is an essential property of gold: any substance that were non-metallic, whatever it might be, would not be gold.
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Teleological:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleology----------------------------------------------------------
Arete:
Arete of Cyrene:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arete_of_CyreneArete (goddess) :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arete_%28goddess%29Arete (mythology) :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arete_%28mythology%29The concept: Arete (excellence):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arete_%28excellence%29----------------------------------------------------------
Eudamonia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudamonia
