The differences aren't that large. Lack of a working launcher is probably the biggest one but seeing as all the launcher does is configure the command line that's not really a huge problem. In fact I should be able to figure out what's gone wrong even though I don't personally use linux.
The biggest problem is that I don't have the campaign you've chosen to install is one I don't have. So if you don't have the right version or something I wouldn't know.
What you should have is something like this
Freespace 2 Folder
-FS2_Open 3.6.9 RC 7 or above. (I can't help you much there but I suspect you've compiled from the less stable HEAD branch.
This should help you compile the right one)
-The standard FS2 .VP files (these all end in _fs2.vp)
-mediavps folder
--the mediavps (start with mv_ and end with .vp)
--the 710 patches (all of which are found
here)
-modfolder
--All VP files that came with the mod
--Data folder
---Anything that the mod tells you to stick in Data goes in here or a subfolder rather than Freespace2/data
Now change your -mod option to read -mod modfolder,mediavps and everything should work. If it doesn't double check your folder names and if that still doesn't work try it with another mod as you may have picked an incomplete one that doesn't have a campaign file. While you're at it check in the flight simulator to see if you can find any missions from this campaign as that will confirm the lack or presence of a campaign file.