Methinks you've been "Windows Update"'ed. Sounds like your computer may have applied an update you're unaware of and messed with your settings.
First thing I'd do is uninstall the wifi NIC in device manager, then reinstall it using the manufacturer's driver for it. That should wipe out any mysterious settings that would suddenly be causing the issue.
If that doesn't work, reset the router to factory defaults then reconfigure your settings.
The fact that the router works for other PCs, and your NIC works for other routers says there is a conflict between your NIC settings and the router settings. Either than, or one of the two pieces of hardware is dying in a way that prevents it from accessing the other device, but doesn't affect other devices.
Out of curiosity, do your other devices have similar-era NICs to the misbehaving one, and are your neighbours routers of similar era to yours? Maybe something has died and you've lost functionality in one of the wireless bands.
By the way, this:
In continuing proof of my theory that being computer literate simply means that your equipment find more esoteric ways of ****ing with you
Is born out in my experiences as well. I still haven't figured out what's wrong with my desktop, and it's being coy now - hasn't crashed in 4 days.