Author Topic: ESA planning a hypersonic transport  (Read 6438 times)

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Offline TwentyPercentCooler

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Re: ESA planning a hypersonic transport
UK-US routes already fly up to Scotland and across because believe it or not due to the curvature of the Earth this is shorted than flying strait across the Atlantic at London's latitude, it would only be a slight tweak of the international flight paths to take them up the north sea for the hypersonic planes to do their climb.  if there is an issue it would be damage to the North Sea oil platforms.

Well, the shortest route London-NYC is over Ireland, not Scotland (link) - flying that much more up north might have more to do with ETOPS restrictions (diversion airports along the way) than actual economy. But you're right, it's being done already, so a detour may not be that big an issue.

its more complicated than that. the equation for drag looks something like this:

F = 0.5*D*V^2*A*Cd

where force is F air density is D, velocity is V, A is the cross section of the aircraft (as appears perpendicular to velocity vector), and cd is your coefficient of drag. making a low drag aircraft involves reducing cross sections, using laminar flow airfoils. you can kinda optimize for better Cd through experimentation in the wind tunnel and computer models, identify areas of high Cd in you design and redesign those areas and retest.

but here is where it gets complicated. when you pass into supersonic, a cone shaped shock front forms. when this happens local air velocities on parts of the aircraft within those cones, like wings and most of the fuselage, are for the most part sub sonic, and the above equation applies with the local sub-sonic air velocity. thats why supersonic aircraft have pointed protrusions (pointed fuselages and shock cones) at the front to reduce the amount of cross section exposed to supersonic airflow. the sr-71 needed to be refueled immediately after take off, but once it got supersonic, the engines became far more efficient, and overall drag is actually somewhat reduced during supersonic flight. im not sure what happens when you go hypersonic though.

When you go hypersonic, the cone becomes sharper (sin(beta) = 1/M, where beta is the angle between axis and side of the cone). At M = 5, beta is around 11.5deg. Behind a shockwave that sharp, and with that inflow velocity, you still have supersonic flow (it's only normal shocks that always lead to subsonic flow, which you don't want on an airplane, since it causes excessive drag). More interesting is that the shockwave will pretty much lie flat on the airplane surface (look at the picture in the article, the nose cone angle seems about 10 deg) and start interacting with the boundary layer. Which is complicated and a pretty much unknown realm for now. But really, I doubt that it'll lead to large efficiency increases over lower airspeeds; the equation you mentioned is correct, and V^2 is still in there :P

I brought up the SR-71 because it actually got more fuel efficient at higher speeds because of its engine design (essentially, they ceased to be turbojets and instead became ramjets at high speeds). In fact, its top speed was actually limited by the behaviour of the supersonic airflow through the engine inlets and by heat buildup rather than by more traditional thrust:weight ratios. Experiences with the SR-71 and other projects like the X-15 showed us that hypersonic aircraft design is very, very different than supersonic aircraft design.

Fuel efficiency is one thing, actual fuel flow is another - I doubt the SR-71 could have done a certain distance with less fuel than a subsonic aircraft, even if it could have flown at optimum speed. And then there's weight (even just the cooling system) and noise (high-speed engines tend to be noisy at take-off) issues, and maintenance of course (flying at higher altitudes means more fatigue on the hull, for one). I'd be surprised if supersonic aircraft will ever be more economical than the subsonic airliners we have now, however cool they may be.

Yes, but the Concorde wasn't nearly as efficient as subsonic airliners, either, but the entire point is that it was faster. And the SR-71 absolutely had a better distance for fuel spent ratio than airliners, but, it's meaningless to say that, really. It didn't have several hundred passengers and a hold full of their luggage.  :P Again, I brought the SR-71 up because of the fact that it's a working example of the fact that not everything is as simple as faster = less efficient. At speeds above mach 3, the shock cones on the J-58 engines essentially turned them into ramjets. Ramjets are actually very efficient at speeds around mach 3-5 (the upper limit being the speed at which the compression heats the intake air to such a temperature that it's essentially indistinguishable from combustion - in fact, one of the general guidelines for when supersonic flight ends and hypersonic flight begins is the point at which a ramjet produces no net thrust) and it's likely that any proposed hypersonic transport would do well to learn from the SR-71.

I've been checking out the airliner proposal by Reaction Engines. The engine design is interesting. The airliner design...well, I won't pretend that I'm anything more than someone who's just really interested in this kind of stuff, but it would appear that the design is either completely ignoring or running contrary to NASA's research and findings on how to design vehicles for hypersonic travel. Their proposal for a spaceplane is equally...conventional. I might be a little more forgiving if they were actually testing hypersonic vehicles, but as far as I know, NASA has a monopoly on that.
« Last Edit: January 02, 2012, 05:57:44 am by TwentyPercentCooler »

 
Re: ESA planning a hypersonic transport
Yes, but the Concorde wasn't nearly as efficient as subsonic airliners, either, but the entire point is that it was faster. And the SR-71 absolutely had a better distance for fuel spent ratio than airliners, but, it's meaningless to say that, really. It didn't have several hundred passengers and a hold full of their luggage.  :P Again, I brought the SR-71 up because of the fact that it's a working example of the fact that not everything is as simple as faster = less efficient. At speeds above mach 3, the shock cones on the J-58 engines essentially turned them into ramjets. Ramjets are actually very efficient at speeds around mach 3-5 (the upper limit being the speed at which the compression heats the intake air to such a temperature that it's essentially indistinguishable from combustion - in fact, one of the general guidelines for when supersonic flight ends and hypersonic flight begins is the point at which a ramjet produces no net thrust) and it's likely that any proposed hypersonic transport would do well to learn from the SR-71.

Hm, okay, I'll give you that... If they can make it work at the price of a business class ticket, as they claim, hats off to them - but it does sound more like one of those optimistic start-of-project estimates to me.

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I've been checking out the airliner proposal by Reaction Engines. The engine design is interesting. The airliner design...well, I won't pretend that I'm anything more than someone who's just really interested in this kind of stuff, but it would appear that the design is either completely ignoring or running contrary to NASA's research and findings on how to design vehicles for hypersonic travel. Their proposal for a spaceplane is equally...conventional. I might be a little more forgiving if they were actually testing hypersonic vehicles, but as far as I know, NASA has a monopoly on that.

NASA's research and findings on hypersonic flight? Got link? :)

 

Offline Nuke

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Re: ESA planning a hypersonic transport
i think he means the fact that nasa is mostly expirementing with wingless lifting body type craft (wings would protrude from the shock cone and would be a source of immense drag). so nasa designs have a mostly flat long ship with stub wings and small control surfaces. nasas designs tend to favor scramjets though. the scimitar engine that reaction engines is developing is a completely different kind of engine. like saber it both compresses and cools intake air (air naturally gets hotter when you compress it). but where saber uses this as oxidizer in its 4 rocket engines and bypass air goes through the ring o ramjets to meet otherwise wasted hydrogen from the heat exchanger (under certain flight conditions, which i believe is between mach 1 and 5). scimitar has a a more traditional turbofan layout (all be it with the core nozzel resembling the rocket engine) with what looks like a 2 stage burner. from the image i would assume the bypass turbine and burner would be for subsonic operation, and the rocket-like nozzel for the hypersonic flight modes (this is just a guess though im trying to find more info).

using fuel to cool parts of the engine are nothing new, saturn-v's main booster did this, pumping fuel through piping in the bell before burning it to keep it from melting. but this is the first time ive seen a plan for an actively cooled engine. the fact that it has multiple applications (space and transport), means that the technology may turn out viable in one area or the other, and so both the lapcat and skylon are somewhat linked (hell they even have the same layout with slightly different wing configurations) in their fate. its certainly a lot better than using heavier than sane scramjet technology. nasa has a tendency to make baby steps where revolutions are needed. they really havent done anything to compare with what they pulled off with apollo. so i really hope reaction engines can deliver.

supposedly their preparing for a full test of the precooler and they got until april to get it working. and if they do it will impress investors and drum up some more government money. if they dont, well then they will likely need to find another source of funding. i really wish them the best though. it will bypass a lot of the babystepping thet seems to be going on with private space industry and backstepping with going on with nasa. if you want to get out of the gravity well this century on the cheap, this is gonna have to work. and of course it will certainly make faster than neccisary transport availible to all you rich snobs out there.
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Offline TwentyPercentCooler

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Re: ESA planning a hypersonic transport
i think he means the fact that nasa is mostly expirementing with wingless lifting body type craft (wings would protrude from the shock cone and would be a source of immense drag). so nasa designs have a mostly flat long ship with stub wings and small control surfaces. nasas designs tend to favor scramjets though. the scimitar engine that reaction engines is developing is a completely different kind of engine. like saber it both compresses and cools intake air (air naturally gets hotter when you compress it). but where saber uses this as oxidizer in its 4 rocket engines and bypass air goes through the ring o ramjets to meet otherwise wasted hydrogen from the heat exchanger (under certain flight conditions, which i believe is between mach 1 and 5). scimitar has a a more traditional turbofan layout (all be it with the core nozzel resembling the rocket engine) with what looks like a 2 stage burner. from the image i would assume the bypass turbine and burner would be for subsonic operation, and the rocket-like nozzel for the hypersonic flight modes (this is just a guess though im trying to find more info).

using fuel to cool parts of the engine are nothing new, saturn-v's main booster did this, pumping fuel through piping in the bell before burning it to keep it from melting. but this is the first time ive seen a plan for an actively cooled engine. the fact that it has multiple applications (space and transport), means that the technology may turn out viable in one area or the other, and so both the lapcat and skylon are somewhat linked (hell they even have the same layout with slightly different wing configurations) in their fate. its certainly a lot better than using heavier than sane scramjet technology. nasa has a tendency to make baby steps where revolutions are needed. they really havent done anything to compare with what they pulled off with apollo. so i really hope reaction engines can deliver.

supposedly their preparing for a full test of the precooler and they got until april to get it working. and if they do it will impress investors and drum up some more government money. if they dont, well then they will likely need to find another source of funding. i really wish them the best though. it will bypass a lot of the babystepping thet seems to be going on with private space industry and backstepping with going on with nasa. if you want to get out of the gravity well this century on the cheap, this is gonna have to work. and of course it will certainly make faster than neccisary transport availible to all you rich snobs out there.

Yeah, independent from the engines, I was mostly referring to what NASA has found out about the optimal planforms for hypersonic flight. I might have linked this earlier in the thread but I don't feel like looking, so here's a summary: http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/BGH/index.html

Basically, they've found that a lot of pointed surfaces are no longer the best way to go. Rather, it's best to design the aircraft so that it essentially rides on its own shockwave (hence the name of the X-51: WaveRider). It's not a new concept; it was something that was done on the XB-70 design back in the late 50s and early 60s. As Nuke mentioned, wings are more of an inconvenience at hypersonic speeds especially because leading edges are subject to massive heating; it's easier to just use a lifting body that rides the hypersonic shockwave for lift and avoid traditional wings, with the added benefit that it keeps a greater portion of the aircraft near the center of gravity, which adds stability and makes it easier to cool. I just don't even want to think about what happens if a piece comes off of one side of that Reaction Engines design at mach 5. Shear off a wingtip at 4,500 mph and there's gonna be some serious yawing problems. Again, I'll bring up the SR-71: back when the shock cones of its engines were controlled by analog computers, they would occasionally not be able to react to changing flight conditions fast enough; the shockwave generated by the front of the cone would normally ride just inside the lip of the inlet, but in those cases, it would be disrupted and blow out the front of the engine in spectacular fashion, called an "inlet unstart." There'd be some incredibly yawing of the plane until it either eventually stabilized itself or the pilot unstarted the other inlet. Yawing and shearing typically aren't very good for airframes - the SR-71 survived because it was made out of 80% titanium that, quirkily enough, they found was getting stronger over time because it was basically getting heat treated. I don't want to know what that kind of yaw would do to the Reaction Enginges design, though, especially with how long it is. Keep in mind how sensitive the industry is to accidents and that's a whole can of worms I'd rather avoid if I were them. One accident (that was a result of ground debris and nothing to do with the airframe or the maintenance or the pilot) sunk the Concorde.

Also, the lifting body design has another advantage at those speeds. Take a look at the X-43 and you'll notice that the intakes are at the bottom of the planform, with what we'd think of as the nose essentially forming a ramp down to the intakes. It helps it collect the rarefied air at the cruising altitudes of hypersonic flight. I'd be very worried about the amount of air the Scimitar engines would be able to collect at 90,000 ft+ using that A2's proposed nacelle design. Again, I'm not an expert on this and it'd be awesome if the A2 works - I'd love to fly in it at least once, just to see what it was like. But like I mentioned, it just seems too conventional - NASA's been working on this since the 50s, they've had several testbeds and recent successes. I like their chances of being right.  :P

 

Offline Nuke

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Re: ESA planning a hypersonic transport
i dont really like the airframe of the lapcat that much. even if the skylon/lapcat airframe fails to see fruition i do want to see the engines be a total success. thats the revolutionary part, its supposed to operate under all flight regimes and the transitional problems that nasa identified would be solved. the failure of scram is that its both heavy and really doesn't offer much performance wise over traditional lh2/lox rocket engines. take your nasa airframe, but use a rack of sabre engines, and you might have something flyable, use scimitar engines and make it a hypersonic transport. after all the nasa airframe is a lot more awesome looking.
I can no longer sit back and allow communist infiltration, communist indoctrination, communist subversion, and the international communist conspiracy to sap and impurify all of our precious bodily fluids.

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Re: ESA planning a hypersonic transport
The NASA airframes are fully integrated with the (scramjet) engine - the lower fuselage is essentially the compressor and the exhaust. At those airspeeds, indeed you don't really need wings.

But, the NASA designs are launched from a carrier rocket, and they land in the way an airplane can only do once in its lifetime. The Lapcat will require decent subsonic performance as well, so a lifting body might not be a viable configuration there. And for pressurization (another issue the NASA X-planes didn't have) a cylindrical hull really is the better solution. Making a 300-pax-and-198-tonne-LH2 fuselage any other shape (especially for those flight altitudes) would weigh a lot. The as-is hull + wing is probably the best compromise.

I'm wondering about the engine placement, though. Podded engines for those regimes? :-s An advantage would be clean air at the intake... it'll save the heat exchangers some life, I guess. At the expense of considerable extra wetted area and some nacelle weight.

 

Offline TwentyPercentCooler

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Re: ESA planning a hypersonic transport
The NASA airframes are fully integrated with the (scramjet) engine - the lower fuselage is essentially the compressor and the exhaust. At those airspeeds, indeed you don't really need wings.

But, the NASA designs are launched from a carrier rocket, and they land in the way an airplane can only do once in its lifetime. The Lapcat will require decent subsonic performance as well, so a lifting body might not be a viable configuration there. And for pressurization (another issue the NASA X-planes didn't have) a cylindrical hull really is the better solution. Making a 300-pax-and-198-tonne-LH2 fuselage any other shape (especially for those flight altitudes) would weigh a lot. The as-is hull + wing is probably the best compromise.

I'm wondering about the engine placement, though. Podded engines for those regimes? :-s An advantage would be clean air at the intake... it'll save the heat exchangers some life, I guess. At the expense of considerable extra wetted area and some nacelle weight.

Just as a quick aside, lifting body and wedge designs are workable at low speeds as well; NASA originally tested several different designs for the Space Shuttle, and though they selected a more conventional delta-winged design because it was easier to fit cylindrical fuel tanks in, lifting body planforms have perfectly acceptable handling at low speeds and can land conventionally (see the Martin Marietta X-24A, X-24B, and the Northrop HL-10 if you're curious; it's just a hunch, but I can see a little bit of the X-24 in the F-35 Lightning II, and I can see how the lessons in stability using only the body would be useful in the VTOL version of the F-35 especially).

I just don't know if the nacelle design would be able to take in enough air to feed the engines at 90-100K feet or whatever the cruising altitude of this thing is supposed to be. The precoolers of the SABRE engine don't have to work past mach 5 because the parameters of the design call for it to become a rocket engine after that speed for their spaceplane, but the Scimitar is going to have to cool air at mach 5.2...I don't know about that one. With the nacelles the way they are...ugh, just too much to go wrong for my liking. Get an inlet unstart (and as far as I know, the engines will be dependent on the same sort of shock cone as the SR-71 design to feed subsonic air to the precoolers) at mach 5.2 and the airframe will likely tear itself apart in moments. Honestly, I sure as hell wouldn't want to be in charge of a project like this. Even if the design itself is feasible, I doubt airlines will go for it. The margin of error at speeds like that just doesn't fit with the business model of the airlines (because the business model sucks and calls for ignoring as much maintenance as possible while overworking the pilots, but eh, what can you do).

  
Re: ESA planning a hypersonic transport
Just as a quick aside, lifting body and wedge designs are workable at low speeds as well; NASA originally tested several different designs for the Space Shuttle, and though they selected a more conventional delta-winged design because it was easier to fit cylindrical fuel tanks in, lifting body planforms have perfectly acceptable handling at low speeds and can land conventionally (see the Martin Marietta X-24A, X-24B, and the Northrop HL-10 if you're curious; it's just a hunch, but I can see a little bit of the X-24 in the F-35 Lightning II, and I can see how the lessons in stability using only the body would be useful in the VTOL version of the F-35 especially).

Pressurization it is, then, and the humongous cylindrical fuel tank these guys have to fit in (ever seen the tank in the Tu-155? And that's just for one of the three engines).

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I just don't know if the nacelle design would be able to take in enough air to feed the engines at 90-100K feet or whatever the cruising altitude of this thing is supposed to be. The precoolers of the SABRE engine don't have to work past mach 5 because the parameters of the design call for it to become a rocket engine after that speed for their spaceplane, but the Scimitar is going to have to cool air at mach 5.2...I don't know about that one. With the nacelles the way they are...ugh, just too much to go wrong for my liking. Get an inlet unstart (and as far as I know, the engines will be dependent on the same sort of shock cone as the SR-71 design to feed subsonic air to the precoolers) at mach 5.2 and the airframe will likely tear itself apart in moments. Honestly, I sure as hell wouldn't want to be in charge of a project like this. Even if the design itself is feasible, I doubt airlines will go for it. The margin of error at speeds like that just doesn't fit with the business model of the airlines (because the business model sucks and calls for ignoring as much maintenance as possible while overworking the pilots, but eh, what can you do).

Thinking about it, the intake looks pretty much the same as the SR-71 one, which also seems too small - apparently the high airspeeds are enough to compensate for the loss in air density. According to Wikipedia, inlet unstarts were mainly caused by issues with the analog control system, installing a more reliable digital system later made them a rare occurrence. Either way, there's a lot that can go wrong at Mach 5 that will be catastrophic - they'll have to make a sturdy (hence heavy) airframe either way.

If it ever works, I bet Emirates will get some (assuming they haven't changed much from today) - I think it'd be a matter of prestige for them :) Singapore might, too, they're conveniently placed for those kind of ops. But Reaction Engines will definitely have to prove it to be safe, I don't think they'll get a lot of orders before flight testing is well underway. And if anything does go wrong, they'd better offer a good profit margin to the airlines to make up for it (unlike the Concorde, which was so unprofitable that they used the accident as an excuse to ditch it).