You guys going to keep confusing this poor fellow?
There are two possible ways to get around this, one easy, one hard.
In your player\single\ folder, you will find the campaign progress files you've already mentioned. Generally in my experience, these don't get corrupted, the pilot file does. A way around this is to copy the contents of the single folder to another location. Now delete your pilot file and the derelict campaign file in the player\single folder. Load the game, and create a new pilot with exactly the same name as the one you've just deleted. Go into the game and configure the options, then exit FS2. Now, copy the Derelict campaign file from the backup of your single folder into the actual single folder (where you prviously deleted it; this may overwrite a new copy, that's fine). Now load up the game again and see if you can resume where you left off.
What this trick does is fool the game into accepting an old campaign progress file with a bran new pilot file - it associates them directly with pilot name, so if the pilot name is the same it will typically accept the campaign file. I use this frequently - I keep a backup of a basic uncorrupted pilot file. If it gets corrupted, I simply copy it into my single folder over the existing pilot. Generally this eliminates the corruption and preserves campaign progress.
Now,if this doesn't work (and it may not), some benevolent soul can probably create you a new temporary campaign file (which goes in the data\missions folder) from where you left off. Try the other trick first. If it doesn't work,post here again and I'll fire up FRED (if someone else doesn't before me) and create you a temporary campaign file. I think I have an extracted copy of the Derelict.fc2 file lying around. The only thing I may have difficultly preserving is the ships/weapons which are available (i.e. you may be able to select everything unless I can figure that out).