In my honest opinion, a tether system would be more dangerous to build and maintain than launching capsules strapped to rockets. For one thing, how in the world are you going to keep a 30mile long pole, however wide, intact given earthquakes, weather conditions, and infinite human stupidity. Not to mention the fact that it'd be perhaps the most tempting target for terrorism ever; knock the thing over and it'll tear itself through the better half of most smaller states (keep in mind that gravity will accelerate it, especially the far end, giving it enough velocity most likely to simulate an asteriod impact stretched out for 30 miles). Its about as practical as launching nuclear powered vehicles from downtown .
Using a crew shuttle to return a crew from orbit doesn't solve anything either as if the heat protection goes, so does the ship; its the same thing as the shuttle.
A possible solution would be to create something of a survival pod; a separately sealed capsule within the shuttle (or similar vehicle) which is essentially just the cockpit with an old fashioned ablative heat shield around it and packed with a set of parachutes and some maneuvering thrusters to point it the right way. The crew could seal the pod during liftoff and reintry so that in the event of a catastrophic failure to the rest of the shuttle, they'd atleast have a reasonable chance of survival.