Could you buy/borrow/stea-borrow a hard disk to dump things to?
If you were using FAT32 there are a few tools to use, but with NTFS you're basically ****ed - It's incredibly difficult to recover NTFS drives if the basic tools like 'chkdsk' don't work. The fact that there are almost NO diagnostic programs for NTFS that actually do anything beyond what chkdsk does this.
Linux might be able to read the files so you could compy them some place, but NTFS writing support is basically at alpha stage for Linux, and I wouldn't trust it to read a damaged partition, nevermind write or repair it!
Now, that said, it sounds like the partition table has been munged - You could try booting into the Windows Recovery Console (Need to use the XP CD if you didn't install it originally with "Run->[XPCD]:\i386\winnt32 /cmdcons") and recovering the boot partitions/mbr, or just running the emergency recovery stuff off the WinXP CD.
However, being Micrisoft, it might just make things worse

, which is why I'd highly recommend getting a spare drive first!