Now i've downloaded the new exe's, mediavps and the latest launcher. Still the same problem, no Earth...
I guessed that there are no big nebulas in Sol, but earth should be there

It seems, as you said that the texture is missing. I ran fs2 in debug mode and thats what i got so far:
Warning: For 'explo3', 3 of 4 LODs are missing!
File: Weapons.cpp
Line: 1267
Call stack:
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parse_weapon() parse_weaponstbl() weapon_init() game_init() game_main() WinMain() WinMainCRTStartup() kernel32.dll 7c816fd7()
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Warning: Weapon explosion 'SubbeamWarm' does not have an LOD0 anim!
File: Weapons.cpp
Line: 1241
Call stack:
------------------------------------------------------------------
parse_weapon() parse_weaponstbl() weapon_init() game_init() game_main() WinMain() WinMainCRTStartup() kernel32.dll 7c816fd7()
------------------------------------------------------------------
Warning: For 'bomb_flare', 3 of 4 LODs are missing!
File: Weapons.cpp
Line: 1267
Call stack:
------------------------------------------------------------------
parse_weapon() parse_weaponstbl() weapon_init() game_init() game_main() WinMain() WinMainCRTStartup() kernel32.dll 7c816fd7()
------------------------------------------------------------------
Warning: Too many beam sections for weapon BFRed - max is 5
File: Weapons.cpp
Line: 3021
Call stack:
------------------------------------------------------------------
parse_weaponstbl() parse_modular_table() weapon_init() game_init() game_main() WinMain() WinMainCRTStartup() kernel32.dll 7c816fd7()
------------------------------------------------------------------
Warning: Mission: ...With Vast Seas
has a 1024x768 loading screen but no 640x480 loading screen!
File: MissionParse.cpp
Line: 1872
Call stack:
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get_mission_info() game_start_mission() game_enter_state() gameseq_set_state() game_process_event() gameseq_process_events() game_main() WinMain() WinMainCRTStartup() kernel32.dll 7c816fd7()
------------------------------------------------------------------
Warning: Mission: ...With Vast Seas
has a 1024x768 loading screen but no 640x480 loading screen!
File: MissionParse.cpp
Line: 1872
Call stack:
------------------------------------------------------------------
parse_mission() parse_main() mission_load() game_start_mission() game_enter_state() gameseq_set_state() game_process_event() gameseq_process_events() game_main() WinMain() WinMainCRTStartup() kernel32.dll 7c816fd7()
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Warning: Unable to find a sufficient number of bitmaps for this mission's background. The background will not be displayed.
File: StarField.cpp
Line: 3384
Call stack:
------------------------------------------------------------------
parse_bitmaps() parse_mission() parse_main() mission_load() game_start_mission() game_enter_state() gameseq_set_state() game_process_event() gameseq_process_events() game_main() WinMain() WinMainCRTStartup() kernel32.dll 7c816fd7()
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looks like more is missing than just a texture...