1. for the bomb why does this bomb or its successor not exist in FS2
Simple. Because the Lucifer was a one-of-a-kind ship in FS1 and because of how hard it is to manufacture and maintain that bomb, only few have been build and are only given out in the right circumstance. Since in FS2 no capship with shields turned up, they didn't hand then out.
Now I guess someone will ask "how comes they don't just warp the bomb into the ships", but I thought a bit about that too. Maybe the bombs can manage a subspace-hop of only a few centimeter, just enough to get inside the shield, but not inside the ship. Or maybe it's impossible to open a portal in solid matter, or doing so would kina merge the armorplating with the bomb, peventing the bomb from exploding or somesuch.
2. beams were supposed to be developed a considerable time after fs1 Beam weapons were invented in 2355
Didn't the Hades have beams? I never played Silent Threat for FS1, only the FS2 adaption (and I mean the crappy one, not Reborn here) and there it has beams. I assume in the FS1 addon they had the "simulated beam" Shivan superlaser instead.
So the Wiki should probably read, since the GTVIs knowledge of how to build beamweapons was lost in the destruction of the Jotunheim and the Hades, the GTVA had to re-discover it, which they did in 2355.