There is a difference in the speed of assembly, however there's no difference in the speed of the C/C++ because all modern* compilers will optimise any difference out.
As Mastadon said, there is a difference in result though:
x = 0;
y = ++x;
x = 0;
z = x++;
After this snippet, y != z. Surprise!
I use the prefix version of increment almost exclusively.
It's primarily a style thing - if I'm using the result, I never want the value from before the increment because if I did, I'd assign it on a separate line for improved readability.
- Equally, the above snippet is fairly bad form because it may not be immediately clear what happens.
* Last decade, if not longer. You're not going to be using a compiler that doesn't.