Thought I might share something here
Somebody's parent telling them to punch the bullies in the belly has hidden wisdom in it - the bullying should not be tolerated at any circumstances, and it definitely is not normal. What should be taken care of though, is that the person whose parents' support this sort of stuff doesn't turn out to be a bully himself. Additionally, the current society somehow seems to support continuous bullying since the person being bullied cannot respond no matter how justified it were, and when something physical happens, teachers will think it's the victim's fault. Worse, some people can sort of snap, if they happen to have the built-in violence gene - this is not always visible, and the person perceived being nice and easy to bully might actually be the most dangerous person you know when out-of-control or having justified rage, and can really permanently disable or kill the bully at ease with no regrets afterwards.
To me it seems that most people start to really understand world around their 25s - some of the bullies will change to normal people, worst of the bullies tend to become rejects, and those who were bullied typically fare better, if they survive through their 18s. It is sad when they don't, and you get the sort of feeling that this shouldn't have happened. What doesn't change, is the damage what happens to the bullied person - he will not forget what the bullies were like when they were kids, and does not want to be reminded of that. Although, it is sort of weird to see what has happened to them, and how they have changed.
What it comes to Apollo being afraid to talk with a gay friend, I can sort of understand it for that age. But make sure though that you don't lose a good friend because of social stigma - you'll see things differently in years to come, and good friends are not easy to find. If you were wondering, yes, my life was hell between 5 and 15 years old - mental hell to be exact, not physical - everybody was scared to touch me mainly because of the my father's occupation. Things started to improve when I got to High School, in another village where I requested to be placed in the class which didn't have students from my home village. You could start normal social relations when they didn't have any sort of prejudices! When I got to the University, I could start completely from the scratch, and found a lot of nice people. Things have been steadily improving ever since, so there's hope for you all!
But I sort of miss the school system where it was OK to sit pupils in the stocks - talk about Medieval (this was in the 1980s)! Half an hour with wooden shacks around your ankles teaches some long term memory when you forgot to do your homework!

(Seriously though, most of us thought of it being just fun) Or teachers lifting pupils to the coat rail when they pissed them off, or ordering us to RUN around the school RIGHT NOW (circumference about 300 metres) at -15 degrees (without shoes, remember it was RIGHT NOW) since you couldn't get the arithmetic tables right in your mind. Back then teachers did have authority at least, and bullying the teachers was the last sort of thing crossing in your mind

My current teacher friends sort of comment that not all of that was without reason, actually, and they wish they could pull even half of it without getting an official warning.