By the 22nd century; I'd imagine more research would go into more effective propulsion systems and heavier chassis designs (like Orion sized vessels).
Before the war, hardly any funds would be spend on war-time assets due to space exploration and refine designs. So, when war comes we'll fall back on the basic form of ranged weaponry we know: ballistic weaponry.
Though requires ammunition, their range is infinite, IMO far more devastating, easy to construct and maintain, and requires very little or possibly no power to fire (kinda helps if a ship is losing or has lost power). I'd somewhat imagine ships of that era to be like Battlestars in terms of weaponry, though not on a scale that large.
After a 14 year war, I'd fully understand if they brought in more efficient weaponry, but only because resources were incredibly strained by that time. Though rather weak, the ML-16 required no ammunition, so it made sense to use it when resources were low, but allow me to point out something. If fury missiles are cheap and can probably be produced on an Orion, imagine how easy it would be to pump out bullets. All vessels capable of holding fighters would also be capable of constructing this ammunition.
I'm just pointing out a few things to consider, don't act on them. I myself would also employ energy based weaponry due to its benefits, and fighting a war makes those benefits extremely useful. Both sides have pros and cons, but I'd prefer a Battlestar style Flak wall over lasers any day of the week; aesthetically more cooler and terrifying, plus far more effective and devastating (and if you miss, don't sweat it. I'm sure one of the other 900'000 rounds will kill it, and maybe the buddy next to him).
Somewhat irrelevant, apart from time period constraints.
Having large turrets back then would also seem rather extreme, because they'd take too long to build, easier targets, and once taken out, reduces a large amount of firepower. Having numerous amounts of small CIWS turrets seems more reasonable, same as artillery and flak. I'd design vessels with WW2 style firepower in mind.
Anyhow.......